Overview
Assets Under Management: $271 million
Headquarters: STAMFORD, CT
High-Net-Worth Clients: 5
Average Client Assets: $24 million
Services Offered
Services: Portfolio Management for Individuals, Portfolio Management for Pooled Investment Vehicles
Fee Structure
Primary Fee Schedule (RPO ADV PART 2A)
Min | Max | Marginal Fee Rate |
---|---|---|
$0 | and above | 1.00% |
Illustrative Fee Rates
Total Assets | Annual Fees | Average Fee Rate |
---|---|---|
$1 million | $10,000 | 1.00% |
$5 million | $50,000 | 1.00% |
$10 million | $100,000 | 1.00% |
$50 million | $500,000 | 1.00% |
$100 million | $1,000,000 | 1.00% |
Clients
Number of High-Net-Worth Clients: 5
Percentage of Firm Assets Belonging to High-Net-Worth Clients: 44.65
Average High-Net-Worth Client Assets: $24 million
Total Client Accounts: 7
Discretionary Accounts: 7
Regulatory Filings
CRD Number: 318296
Last Filing Date: 2024-05-07 00:00:00
Form ADV Documents
Primary Brochure: RPO ADV PART 2A (2025-03-28)
View Document Text
PART 2A OF FORM ADV: FIRM BROCHURE
RPO LLC
Contact: Stephen E. Rogers
RPO LLC
6 Landmark Square, Suite 400
Stamford, CT 06901
Tel: 203-485-8800
March 28, 2025
This Brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices
of RPO LLC (“RPO”). If you have any questions about the contents of this Brochure,
please contact Stephen E. Rogers at srogers@rpoinvestments.com or 203- 485-8821.
The information in this Brochure has not been approved or verified by the United
States Securities and Exchange Commission or by any state securities authority, and
references in this Brochure to RPO as a “registered investment adviser” are not
intended to imply a certain level of skill or training.
Additional information about RPO is also available on the SEC’s website at
www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.
ITEM 2 – MATERIAL CHANGES
There have been no material changes to RPO’s business or operations since the filing of
the annual amendment to this Brochure in March 2024.
ii
ITEM 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER PAGE .......................................................................................................................... i
ITEM 2 – MATERIAL CHANGES .......................................................................................... ii
ITEM 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... 3
ITEM 4 – ADVISORY BUSINESS .......................................................................................... 1
ITEM 5 – FEES AND COMPENSATION ................................................................................ 3
ITEM 7 – TYPES OF CLIENTS ............................................................................................. 10
ITEM 8 – METHODS OF ANALYSIS, INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISK OF LOSS
............................................................................................................................................... 11
ITEM 9 – DISCIPLINARY INFORMATION ......................................................................... 22
ITEM 12 – BROKERAGE PRACTICES ................................................................................ 30
ITEM 13 – REVIEW OF ACCOUNTS ................................................................................... 34
ITEM 14 – CLIENT REFERRALS AND OTHER COMPENSATION ................................... 36
ITEM 15 – CUSTODY ........................................................................................................... 37
ITEM 16 – INVESTMENT DISCRETION ............................................................................. 38
ITEM 17 – VOTING CLIENT SECURITIES ......................................................................... 39
ITEM 18 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION ............................................................................. 41
iii
ITEM 4 – ADVISORY BUSINES
Item 4.A
Describe your advisory firm, including how long you have been in
business. Identify your principal owner(s).
RPO LLC (“RPO”), a Delaware limited liability company, is solely owned
and controlled by J. David Rogers. RPO was formed on November 2, 2020,
and provides investment advisory services on a discretionary basis to Tempo
Opportunities Fund LLC (the “Fund”), a Delaware limited liability
company. The Fund is currently owned entirely by members who meet the
definition of a “family client” within Rule 202(a)(l l)(G)-l(d)(4) of the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (each an “Investor” and
collectively the “Investors”).
RPO also provides investment advisory services to both a separate pooled
vehicle and high net worth individual accounts (the “Separate Accounts”
together with the Fund, and any future funds or separate accounts, make up
the “Advisory Clients”).
Item 4.B
Describe the types of advisory services you offer. If you hold yourself
out as specializing in a particular type of advisory service, such as
financial planning, quantitative analysis, or market timing, explain the
nature of that service in greater detail. If you provide investment advice
only with respect to limited types of investments, explain the type of
investment advice you offer, and disclose that your advice is limited to
those types of investments.
The investment objective of the Advisory Clients is to generate attractive
relative value returns with low absolute risk levels and little or no correlation
to the global equity or fixed income markets. The Fund will seek to generate
these returns through understanding and exploiting value and· liquidity
opportunities in the global world of equities and equity linked investments
and derivatives while seeking to control risk through diversification across
investment strategies, underlying instruments, geography, and the expected
maturity or holding periods of positions.
The investment strategy and any corresponding restrictions for any
Separate Accounts will be individually negotiated with RPO.
Item 4.C
Explain whether (and, if so, how) you tailor your advisory services to
the individual needs of clients. Explain whether clients may impose
restrictions on investing in certain securities or types of securities.
RPO neither tailors its advisory services to the individual needs of Investors
nor accepts Investor-imposed investment restrictions in the Fund.
RPO’s Separate Accounts (as well as future separate accounts) may utilize a
trading/investment strategy with different risk thresholds than those of
1
the Fund and may be subject to different terms (including fees, liquidity and
transparency rights) than the Fund described above.
Item 4.D
If you participate in wrap fee programs by providing portfolio
management services, (1) describe the differences, if any, between how
you manage wrap fee accounts and how you manage other accounts, and
(2) explain that you receive a portion of the wrap fee for your services.
RPO does not participate in any wrap fee programs.
Item 4.E
If you manage client assets, disclose the amount of client assets you
manage on a discretionary basis and the amount of client assets you
manage on a non-discretionary basis. Disclose the date “as of” which you
calculated the amounts.
As of December 31, 2024, RPO manages $ 292,883,483
in regulatory assets under management on a discretionary basis. RPO does
not currently manage any client assets on a non-discretionary basis.
2
ITEM 5 – FEES AND COMPENSATION
Item 5.A
Describe how you are compensated for your advisory services. Provide
your fee schedule. Disclose whether the fees are negotiable.
Generally, RPO charges fees that are based on a set percentage of assets
under management and/or performance. Set forth below are summaries of
the fees payable by Investors in the Fund. It should be noted that detailed
disclosure about the fees and other expenses applicable to an investment in
the Fund is provided in the Fund’s governing materials.
As compensation for the investment advisory services rendered, fees are
paid or allocated, as the case may be, to RPO as follows:
Advisory Fee: 1% per annum of each Investor’s capital account balance,
payable quarterly in advance. Investors who are admitted or who withdraw
as of a date other than the first business day of a calendar quarter will
bear only a pro rata portion of the quarterly Advisory Fee.
Performance Allocation: 30% per annum (up to an 8% return) of the
increase, if any, in the net asset value of a member’s capital account, after
the deduction of all fees and expenses, and subject to a loss carryforward. A
5% fee shall be applied for returns in excess of 8%. The performance
allocation is made annually on December 31, upon the liquidation of the
Fund or upon any interim full or partial withdrawal of interests.
RPO, in its discretion, may waive all or any portion of the above fees
with respect to one or more Investors.
RPO has established, and in the future may establish, separate accounts that
may utilize a trading/investment strategy with different risk thresholds than
those of the Fund and may be subject to different terms (including fees,
liquidity and transparency rights) than the Fund described above.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by the detailed information contained in the Fund’s
offering materials, governance documents and other constituent
agreements, including information about advisory fees and other
compensation.
3
Item 5.B
Describe whether you deduct fees from clients’ assets or bill clients for
fees incurred. If clients may select either method, disclose this fact.
Explain how often you bill clients or deduct your fees.
RPO deducts fees from Investors’ assets invested in the Fund as described
in Item 5.A. above. Investors do not have the ability to choose to be billed
directly for fees incurred.
Fee payment arrangements are individually negotiated for Separate
Accounts.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by the detailed information contained in the Fund’s offering
materials, governance documents and other constituent agreements,
including information related to the process by which advisory fees and
other compensation are paid.
4
Item 5.C
Describe any other types of fees or expenses clients may pay in
connection with your advisory services, such as custodian fees or mutual
fund expenses. Disclose that clients will incur brokerage and other
transaction costs, and direct clients to the section(s) of your brochure
that discuss brokerage.
On an ongoing basis, the Fund will pay its own expenses (and indirectly
Investors will pay), without limitation: (i) all expenses related to the
activities of the Fund and all routine administrative expenses of the Fund,
including internal and external administrative, consulting, legal and audit
expenses, interest on borrowings, custody, the cost of structuring,
implementing and disposing of any investments, all other investment related
expenses, including out-of-pocket costs related to specific investments (e.g.,
travel expenses); maintenance of books and records of the Fund, preparation
of all financial and tax information for Investors, all communications with
or from Investors and admission or withdrawal of Investors and dispatch to
Investors of checks, financial reports, tax returns and notices required or in
connection with the holding of any meetings of Investors; (ii) all expenses
incurred in connection with any indebtedness or guarantees of the Fund or
any proposed or definitive credit facility or other credit arrangement; (iii) all
expenses incurred in connection with the collection of amounts due to the
Fund from any person; (iv) all expenses incurred in connection with the
preparation of amendments to the Fund’s governing documents; (v) all
expenses incurred in connection with the admission and termination of
Investors and withdrawals by Investors; provided, however, that any such
amounts may be charged to the Investors with respect to which such
expenses were incurred; (vi) all expenses incurred in connection with the
liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Fund; (vii) any extraordinary
expenses including, without limitation: all expenses incurred in connection
with any legal proceedings or inquiries involving the Fund (including the
cost of any investigation and preparation) and the amount of any judgment,
award or settlement paid in connection therewith; and all expenses for
indemnity or contribution payable by the Fund to any person.
Please note that in addition to the expenses noted above, Investors will
indirectly incur brokerage and other transaction costs related to their
investment in the Fund. Please see Item 12 of this Brochure for a more
detailed discussion of RPO’s brokerage practices.
5
to Separate Accounts, particular operational expense
With respect
arrangements will be individually negotiated.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by the detailed information contained in the Fund’s
offering materials, governance documents and other constituent
agreements, including information about fees and expenses that
Investors bear responsibility for.
Item 5.D
If your clients either may or must pay your fees in advance, disclose this
fact. Explain how a client may obtain a refund of a pre-paid fee if the
advisory contract is terminated before the end of the billing period.
Explain how you will determine the amount of the refund.
As noted in Item 5.A above, Advisory Fees are charged quarterly in advance
based on the value of assets under management as of the first day of a
calendar quarter. In the event of withdrawals intra-quarter, the portion of the
Advisory Fee paid in excess of what should have been paid will be refunded
accordingly.
Item 5.E
If you or any of your supervised persons accepts compensation for the
sale of securities or other investment products, including asset-based
sales charges or service fees from the sale of mutual funds, disclose this
fact and respond to Items 5.E.1, 5.E.2, 5.E.3 and 5.E.4.
Not applicable.
Item 5.E.1
Explain that this practice presents a conflict of interest and gives you or
your supervised persons an incentive to recommend investment products
based on the compensation received, rather than on a client’s needs.
Describe generally how you address conflicts that arise, including your
procedures for disclosing the conflicts to clients. If you primarily
recommend mutual funds, disclose whether you will recommend “no-
load” funds.
Not applicable.
Item 5.E.2
Explain that clients have the option to purchase investment products
that you recommend through other brokers or agents that are not
affiliated with you.
Not applicable.
Item 5.3.3
If more than 50% of your revenue from advisory clients results from
commissions and other compensation for the sale of investment
6
products you recommend to your clients, including asset-based
distribution fees from the sale of mutual funds, disclose that
commissions provide your primary or, if applicable, your exclusive
compensation.
Not applicable.
Item 5.E.4
If you charge advisory fees in addition to commissions or markups,
disclose whether you reduce your advisory fees to offset the commissions
or markups.
Not applicable.
7
ITEM 6 - PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND
SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT
If you or any of your supervised persons accepts performance-based fees – that is, fees based
on a share of capital gains on or capital appreciation of the assets of a client (such as a client
that is a hedge fund or other pooled investment vehicle) – disclose this fact. If you or any of
your supervised persons manage both accounts that are charged a performance-based fee and
accounts that are charged another type of fee, such as an hourly or flat fee or an asset-based
fee, disclose this fact. Explain the conflicts of interest that you or your supervised persons face
by managing these accounts at the same time, including that you or your supervised persons
have an incentive to favor accounts for which you or your supervised persons receive a
performance-based fee, and describe generally how you address these conflicts.
RPO recognizes that as a fiduciary it must act in the best interests of its Advisory Clients. As such,
RPO endeavors to treat all Advisory Clients fairly and equitably and in so doing refrains from
favoring one Advisory Client’s interests over another’s.
As described in Item 5.A above, RPO receives performance-based compensation from its Advisory
Clients. Consequently, certain conflicts of interest arise. For instance, RPO may be incentivized
to make investments that are riskier or more speculative than it would otherwise make in the
absence of such performance-based compensation. In addition, the performance fee payable to
RPO is based upon both realized and unrealized gains, and thus, RPO may receive performance-
based compensation reflecting unrealized gains at the end of a fiscal year that are not subsequently
recognized by such Advisory Client. Finally, RPO is responsible for valuing the assets in the
portfolios of its Advisory Clients, which could involve subjective determinations and uncertainties
where, for example, third party pricing information may at times be unavailable. Such valuations
affect the amount of the advisory fee and the performance fee. While each Advisory Client pays
performance-based compensation to RPO, it should be noted that RPO reserves the right to reduce,
waive or calculate differently such fees for certain Advisory Clients and Investors.
In order to address potential conflicts of interest that may arise in connection with the payment of
performance-based fees, and in recognition of RPO’s fiduciary obligations to its Advisory Clients,
RPO has adopted a Code of Ethics that shapes RPO’s business conduct and promotes high ethical
standards. As provided in Item 11.A. herein, RPO’s Code of Ethics contains provisions designed
to, among other things, identify conflicts of interest and provide a means to resolve any actual or
potential conflict in favor of Advisory Clients.
In addition to RPO’s adherence to its Code of Ethics, RPO will comply with its Valuation Policy
that provides guidance and transparency in the valuation of portfolio assets. The process by which
RPO values portfolio assets is disclosed to Advisory Clients and prospective Investors. As
discussed in Item 13.C. herein, RPO will provide periodic and, in certain cases, customized
reporting to its Advisory Clients in an effort to satisfy Advisory Client requests for transparency
into RPO’s portfolio management and valuation.
RPO is also subject to a Trade Allocation Policy, the aim of which is to ensure that investment
opportunities are allocated fairly, equitably and consistently among client accounts over time.
The Trade Allocation Policy also seeks to achieve reasonable efficiency in trade
8
execution and to provide the investment team with sufficient flexibility to allocate investments in
a manner that is consistent with the particular investment discipline of each Advisory Client. The
purpose of the Policy is to promote non-preferential treatment of any Advisory Client and to ensure
that trades are allocated fairly and equitably. As a general practice, trade allocation among
Advisory Clients is made on a pro rata basis via a pre-determined allocation process considering
RPO’s assessment of each Advisory Client’s varying investment guidelines and risk tolerances.
Any non-standard allocation will be determined based on unique facts and circumstances and
is approved, recorded and monitored by the Chief Compliance Officer, in consultation with the
investment team and, as warranted.
Furthermore, RPO maintains a practice of disclosing potential and actual conflicts of interest to
Advisory Clients and prospective Investors. In particular, the Fund’s offering materials, governing
documents and other constituent agreements address many of the potential and actual conflicts of
interest and other attendant risks inherent in an investment in the Fund.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by
the detailed information contained in the Fund’s offering materials, governance documents
and other constituent agreements, including information regarding performance-based
compensation paid to RPO.
9
ITEM 7 – TYPES OF CLIENTS
Describe the types of clients to whom you generally provide investment advice, such as
individuals, trusts, investment companies, or pension plans. If you have any requirements
for opening or maintaining an account, such as a minimum account size, disclose the
requirements.
RPO provides investment advisory services to Tempo Opportunities Fund LLC (the “Fund”), a
Delaware limited liability company. The Fund is currently owned entirely by members who meet
the definition of a “family client” within Rule 202(a)(l l)(G)-l(d)(4) of the Investment Advisers
Act of 1940, as amended, an Accredited Investor, and if required, a Qualified Purchaser within
the meaning of Section 2(a)(51) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or a
knowledgeable employee as defined in the rules thereunder.
RPO also provides investment advisory services to both a separate pooled vehicle and high net
worth individual accounts (the “Separate Accounts”). It should be noted the existing Separate
Accounts, as well as future separate accounts, are subject to significant account minimums.
10
ITEM 8 – METHODS OF ANALYSIS, INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
AND RISK OF LOSS
Item 8.A
Describe the methods of analysis and investment strategies you use in
formulating investment advice or managing assets. Explain that
investing in securities involves risk of loss that clients should be
prepared to bear.
RPO’s investment objective is to generate attractive relative value returns
with low absolute risk levels and little or no correlation to the global equity
or fixed income markets. The Fund will seek to generate these returns
through understanding and exploiting value and· liquidity opportunities in
the global world of equities and equity linked investments and derivatives
while seeking to control risk through diversification across investment
strategies, underlying instruments, geography, and the expected maturity
or holding periods of positions.
To further the investment objective of its Advisory Clients, RPO may use a
variety of resources or services to form an investment idea or strategy. RPO
has developed proprietary analytical models and utilizes other models
supplied by third parties, the reliability, accuracy and analytics of which are
significantly relied upon in executing certain investment strategies. All
models ultimately depend upon the judgment of RPO in, among other things,
determining the appropriate underlying assumptions for such models. To the
extent such models (or the assumptions underlying them) do not prove to be
correct, the success of pursuing such quantitative investment strategies may
not be as anticipated, which could result in substantial losses.
Additionally, RPO seeks out pertinent information from sources including,
but not limited to, financial newspapers and periodicals, corporate filings
with the SEC, such as periodic reports and prospectuses, and corporate press
releases, third-party research materials, and reports generated by corporate
rating services. Such methods of analysis, ranging from RPO’s analytical
models to review of the aforementioned resources, influence RPO’s
investment strategy.
A well-controlled risk profile is a critical part of RPO’s investment
methodology. RPO seeks to control risk in a number of ways, including the
employment of worst-case-scenario analysis; diversification across
investment sub-strategies, underlying instruments, geography and the
expected maturity or holding periods of positions; fixed income and foreign
exchange hedging; leverage; and non-market risk analysis. In addition, the
judgment and experience of the staff of RPO plays a significant role in
seeking to control the risk profile of the Funds.
There can be no assurance that the investment objective of the Advisory
Clients will be achieved. Furthermore, due to the nature of investments
11
made and strategies employed by RPO, Advisory Clients are cautioned as to
the risks inherent in the type of investments pursued by RPO on their behalf,
including the risk of total loss.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by the detailed information contained in the Fund’s
offering materials, governance documents and other constituent
agreements, including information detailing the methods of analysis and
investment strategies employed by RPO.
Item 8.B
For each significant investment strategy or method of analysis you use,
explain the material risks involved. If the method of analysis or strategy
involves significant or unusual risks, discuss these risks in detail. If your
primary strategy involves frequent trading of securities, explain how
frequent trading can affect investment performance, particularly
through increased brokerage and other transaction costs and taxes.
RPO pursues an investment strategy that entails significant risks, including
the risk of loss of an entire investment. In the normal course of business,
RPO trades in equities, commodities, currencies, futures, forwards, options,
SPACs, Closed End Funds, cryptocurrencies, warrants, rights, swaps and
other derivative financial instruments. Investments in equities and derivative
instruments are subject to risks that can result in a loss of all or part of an
investment, such risks include, but are not limited to, equity price,
commodity price, credit, foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and
market risks.
In addition, RPO may trade customized options and other derivatives in the
over-the-counter market that may have features different from traditional
exchange-traded options though they share the same risks. However, OTC
options and other derivatives subject the Funds to the increased risk of
default by counterparties with whom RPO trades to the extent that such
derivates are not subject to mandatory clearing.
RPO also engages in short selling on behalf of its Advisory Clients. Short
sales and written call options, for instance, have unlimited market risk to the
extent that RPO, in satisfying its Advisory Clients’ obligations, may have to
purchase securities at a higher value than the proceeds recorded from the
original transaction.
Various forms of leverage, including the leverage inherent in derivative
transactions and short selling, may be utilized by RPO. While borrowing
and leverage present opportunities for increasing total return, they have the
effect of potentially increasing losses; hence, any event which adversely
affects the value of an investment would be magnified to the extent leverage
was employed in making the investment.
RPO may from time-to-time purchase or sell various financial instruments,
12
transactions may result
including forwards, swaps or options on rates, securities and indices, when
seeking to mitigate risk associated with certain investments. There can be
no assurance that any such hedging activities will be successfully
implemented, and such
in poorer overall
performance than if hedging had not been engaged in. Moreover, it is
generally impossible to fully hedge an investment. RPO may also determine
that it is not advisable to enter into hedging transactions under certain
circumstances. Accordingly, the Advisory Clients may be exposed to risks,
such as fluctuations in rates and other market conditions specific to any
investment.
RPO has the ability to concentrate exposure to certain industries, countries
and/or issuers. To the extent such concentration occurs, the overall adverse
impact on Advisory Clients of adverse developments in such industries,
countries or in the business of certain issuers could be considerably greater
than if exposures were less concentrated. Furthermore, RPO pursues a single
investment objective and is not required to diversify across different
investment strategies.
involve uncertainties and subjective
Markets in which the Advisory Clients invest are subject to fluctuations;
thus, the market value of any particular investment may be subject to
substantial variation. Notwithstanding the existence of a public market for
certain financial instruments, such instruments may be thinly traded or may
cease to be traded, while certain other instruments may be issued by unstable
issuers and, consequently, highly speculative. Still other investments may
be subject to significant legal and other restrictions on transfer. These factors
impact the liquidity of an investment and its value. The prices of many of
the securities and other instruments in which Advisory Clients invest are
highly volatile and market movements may be difficult to predict. Due to
the overall size and concentration in particular markets and maturities of
positions in Advisory Client portfolios, the liquidation values of investments
may differ significantly from the interim valuations of such investments
derived from the valuation methodology utilized by RPO. Valuation of
investments may
judgmental
determinations, and if such valuations should prove to be incorrect, the net
asset value of Advisory Client portfolios could be adversely affected.
RPO employs certain strategies that depend upon the reliability and accuracy
of RPO’s analytical models. All models ultimately depend upon the
judgment of RPO in, among other things, determining the appropriate
underlying assumptions for such models. To the extent such models (or the
assumptions underlying them) do not prove to be correct, the success of
pursuing such quantitative investment strategies may not be as anticipated,
which could result in substantial losses.
Substantial risks are involved in investing in securities and other financial
instruments. There can be no assurance that the Advisory Clients will
13
achieve their investment objectives.
As part of its advisory business, RPO employs a variety of technologies to
which a number of cyber security risks attach. Further, many of the service
providers that RPO relies on themselves have cyber security risk. Cyber
security threats are becoming increasingly prevalent and while RPO is
proactively confronting the risks inherent in the use of business technologies,
it cannot provide absolute security. RPO has implemented controls to ensure
the integrity of its systems and to protect firm data including transactional
information, firm proprietary information and personally identifiable
information of RPO Investors. RPO has also developed oversight controls
and procedures to ascertain the efficacy of existing cyber security
safeguards, including annual due diligence of various service providers. The
loss or misappropriation of firm data or the unauthorized disclosure of firm
data, including personally identifiable information of RPO’s Investors, may
cause RPO or its Advisory Clients to suffer financial loss or a disruption of
business, which could have a material adverse effect on RPO and its
Investors. While Advisory Client service providers (including RPO) have
established business continuity plans in the event of, and risk management
systems to prevent, cyber incidents, there are inherent limitations in such
plans and systems including the possibility that certain risks have not been
identified. Furthermore, while RPO conducts due diligence of and obtains
certain certifications from its service providers, it cannot control the cyber
security plans and systems put in place by such service providers or any other
third parties whose operations may affect an Advisory Client, Investor or
RPO.
The impact of disease and epidemics may have a negative impact on a Fund
and its portfolio companies and their performance and financial position.
Coronavirus (including COVID-19), renewed outbreaks of other epidemics
or the outbreak of new epidemics could result in health or other government
authorities requiring the closure of offices or other businesses and could also
result in a general economic decline. While the duration and intensity of
resulting business disruption and related financial and social impact
associated with the COVID-19 epidemic (including on RPO’s business)
have diminished in the recent past, the impact of the epidemic could continue
to remain material for the foreseeable future (especially as and when newer
strains of COVID-19 emerge). Consequently, RPO’s operations and
business results, including with respect to the Funds and/or their respective
portfolio companies, could continue to be materially adversely affected by
the COVID-19 outbreak in the foreseeable future.
14
Bank Failures
The economic and regulatory environment is raising the risk of bank
failures. Exposure to the risk of bank failure for RPO Funds can take effect
directly through depositary accounts exceeding FDIC limits and via
exposure through loans, subscription facilities and security deposits through
letters of credit issued by such banks, which can no longer be drawn from.
These risks can apply at the management company, fund and/or investment
level. The Adviser mitigates these risks by keeping track of various banking
relationships and acting on contractual provisions where a bank failure
triggers a change and by limiting depositary account amounts to the FDIC
insured levels where practical. We are reviewing direct banking relationships
as part of our ongoing diligence of key service providers. As of the date of
this filing we have no direct impact from the current bank failures and expect
no impact to near-term cash management given the sufficient available
capacity from our lenders.
Government Policy Risk. Following the U.S. presidential election in 2024,
there have been significant changes and continue to be potentially significant
changes to U.S. trade policies, legislation, treaties and tariffs. Tariffs and
other trade restrictions imposed by the Trump Administration have
triggered, and could continue to trigger, retaliatory actions by affected
countries, possibly resulting in “trade wars.” At this time, it is unknown
whether and to what extent new legislation will be passed into law, pending
or new regulatory proposals will be adopted, international trade agreements
will be negotiated, or the ultimate effect that any such actions would have,
either positive or negative. Recent market activity has been volatile due to
the recent imposition of “matching” tariffs, and uncertainty surrounding
tariff policies and global reactions to them may continue to trigger increased
market volatility, which increases the uncertainty of the investing climate
and affects the performance of various portfolio investments that are
expected to be sensitive to such market movements.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by the detailed information contained in the Fund’s
offering materials, governance documents and other constituent
agreements, including an enumeration of the material risks and other
important considerations relevant to an investment in the Fund.
15
Item 8.C
If you recommend primarily a particular type of security, explain the
material risks involved. If the type of security involves significant or
unusual risks, discuss these risks in detail.
risks, and geopolitical
Derivatives
RPO on behalf of its Advisory Clients may invest in complex derivative
instruments that seek to modify or emulate the investment performance of
particular securities, commodities, currencies, interest rates, indices or
markets or specific risks thereof on a leveraged or unleveraged basis which
can be equivalent to a long or short position in the underlying asset or risk.
These instruments generally have counterparty risk and may not perform in
the manner expected, thereby resulting in greater loss or gain to the Advisory
Clients than might otherwise be anticipated. These investments are all
subject to additional risks that may result in a loss of all or part of an
investment, such as interest rate and credit risk volatility, market price and
factors and
demand volatility, economic
developments. Derivatives may have very high leverage embedded in them
which may substantially magnify market movements and result in losses
substantially greater than the amount of the investment and which, in some
cases, could represent a significant portion of Advisory Client assets.
Options
Purchasing options involves the risk that the underlying instrument does not
change price in the manner expected, so that the option expires worthless
and the investor loses its premium. Selling options, on the other hand,
involves potentially greater risk because the investor is exposed to the extent
of the actual price movement in the underlying security in excess of the
premium payment received. RPO, on behalf of its Advisory Clients, may
purchase or sell customized options and other derivatives in the over- the-
counter market that may have features different from traditional exchange-
traded options though they also share the same risks. These options and
derivative instruments may also subject Advisory Clients to increased risk
of default by the counterparty to the extent such derivatives are not subject
to mandatory clearing. Investments in these financial instruments may also
be subject to additional risks, such as interest rate and other risks, including
the ability to close out of Advisory Client positions as purchaser of an
exchange-listed option, which exposes Advisory Clients to the liquidity (and
existence, in some cases) of a secondary market on an
16
exchange.
limitation,
leverage and credit risk vis-à-vis
Futures
Futures markets are highly volatile. To the extent the Advisory Clients
engage in transactions in futures contracts and options on futures contracts,
the profitability of Advisory Clients will depend to some degree on the
ability of RPO to analyze correctly the futures markets, which are influenced
by, among other things, changing supply and demand relationships,
governmental policies, commercial and trade programs, world political and
economic events and changes in interest rates. Moreover, investments in
commodity futures and options contracts involve additional risks including,
without
the contract
counterparty. Finally, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and
futures exchanges have established limits referred to as “speculative position
limits” on the maximum net long or net short position which any person may
hold or control in particular commodity contracts.
Swaps
Investments in swaps involve the exchange by an Advisory Client with
another party of all or a portion of their respective interests or commitments.
Advisory Clients may invest in a wide array of swaps, which may be
surrogates for other instruments such as currency forwards, interest rate
options, and equity instruments. The use of swaps subjects Advisory Clients
to the risk of default by the counterparty. If there is a default by the
counterparty to such a transaction, Advisory Clients will have contractual
remedies pursuant to the agreements with counterparties related to the
transaction. The value of such instruments generally depends upon price
movements in the underlying assets as well as counterparty risk.
Convertible Securities
RPO may invest in convertible securities, such as bonds and preferred stock
that are exchangeable at the option of the holder into common stock of the
issuer, for certain Advisory Client portfolios. Because of the conversion
feature, convertible securities typically offer lower interest rates than if the
securities were not convertible. It is possible that the potential for
appreciation on convertible securities may be less than that of a common
stock equivalent. Convertible securities may or may not be rated within the
four highest categories by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group and Moody’s
Investor Service and, if not so rated, would not be investment grade. To the
extent that convertible securities are rated lower than investment grade or
not rated, there would be greater risk as to timely repayment of the principal
of, and timely payment of interest or dividends on, those securities. Also, in
the absence of adequate anti-dilution provisions in a convertible security,
dilution in the value of an Advisory Client’s holdings may occur in the event
the underlying stock is subdivided, additional securities are issued, a stock
dividend is declared, or the issuer enters into another type of corporate
transaction that increases its outstanding securities.
17
include, depending on
the country
Non-US Securities
RPO is permitted by Advisory Clients to invest outside the United States or
in investments denominated in non-U.S. currencies, however such
investments pose currency exchange risks (including blockage, devaluation
and non-exchangeability) as well as a range of other potential risks which
could
involved, expropriation,
confiscatory taxation, political or social instability, illiquidity, price
volatility and market manipulation. In addition, less information may be
available regarding non-U.S. issuers and non-U.S. companies may not be
subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and
requirements comparable to or as uniform as those of U.S. companies.
Further, non-U.S. securities markets may not be as liquid as U.S. markets.
Transaction costs of investing outside the U.S. are generally higher than in
the U.S. Higher costs result because of the cost of converting a foreign
currency to U.S. dollars, the payment of fixed brokerage commissions on
some foreign exchanges and the imposition of transfer taxes or transaction
charges by non-U.S. exchanges. There is generally less government
supervision and regulation of exchanges, brokers and issuers than there is in
the U.S. and there is greater difficulty in taking legal action in non-U.S.
courts. Non-U.S. markets also have different clearance and settlement
procedures which in some markets have at times failed to keep pace with the
volume of transactions, thereby creating substantial delays and settlement
failures that could adversely affect an Advisory Client’s performance.
Currencies
RPO may engage in foreign currency transactions to hedge against
uncertainty in the level of future exchange rates and/or to effect investment
transactions to generate returns consistent with an Advisory Client’s
investment objectives and strategies (i.e., speculative currency trading
strategies). Foreign currency exchange transactions will be conducted on
either a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the rate prevailing in the currency exchange
market, or through entering into forward currency exchange contracts
(“forward contract”) to purchase or sell currency at a future date. RPO, on
behalf of an Advisory Client, may also enter into options on foreign
currency. Currency spot, forward and option prices are highly volatile and
forward, spot and option contracts may be illiquid. Such prices are
influenced by, among other things: changing supply and demand
relationships; government trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control
programs and policies; national and international political and economic
events; and changes in interest rates. From time to time, governments
intervene directly in these markets with the specific intention of influencing
such prices. Currency trading may also involve economic leverage, which
can increase the gain or the loss associated with changes in the value of the
underlying instrument. Forward currency contracts are subject to the risk
that should forward prices increase, a loss will be incurred to the extent that
the price of the currency agreed to be purchased
18
exceeds the price of the currency agreed to be sold. Due to the tax treatment
of gains and losses on certain currency forward and options contracts, the
use of such instruments may cause fluctuations in an Advisory Client’s
income distributions. Many foreign currency forward contracts will
eventually be exchange-traded and cleared. Although these changes are
expected to decrease the credit risk involved in bilaterally negotiated
contracts, exchange-trading and clearing would not make the contracts risk-
free.
Forwards
Forward contracts and options thereon, unlike futures contracts, are not
traded on exchanges and are not standardized; rather, banks and dealers act
as principals in these markets, negotiating each transaction on an individual
basis. Forward and “cash” trading is substantially unregulated; there is no
limitation on daily price movements and speculative position limits are not
applicable. The principals who deal in the forward markets and “cash”
trading are not required to continue to make markets in the currencies or
commodities they trade and these markets can experience periods of
illiquidity, sometimes of significant duration. There have been periods
during which certain participants in these markets have refused to quote
prices for certain currencies or commodities or have quoted prices with an
unusually widespread between the price at which they were prepared to buy
and that at which they were prepared to sell. Disruptions can occur in any
market traded by the Fund due to unusually high trading volume, political
intervention or other factors. The imposition of controls by governmental
authorities might also limit such forward trading to less than that which RPO
would otherwise recommend, to the possible detriment of the Fund. Market
illiquidity or disruption could result in losses to the Fund.
Cryptocurrency
RPO may invest in cryptocurrencies and futures contracts and options on
futures contracts for cryptocurrencies for certain Advisory Client portfolios.
Legal and regulatory requirements continue to develop and influence
market, cyber, compliance and operational risks inherent in participating in
cryptocurrency investing. An investment in cryptocurrency is highly
speculative and may result in a complete loss.
SPACs
A special purpose acquisition company (a “SPAC”) is a publicly traded
company formed for the purpose of raising capital through an initial public
offering to fund the acquisition, through a merger, capital stock exchange,
asset acquisition or other similar business combination, of one or more
undervalued operating businesses. Following the acquisition of a target
company, a SPAC typically would exercise control over the management of
such target company in an effort to increase the value of such target
company. Capital raised through the initial public offering of securities of a
SPAC is typically placed into a trust until the target company is acquired or
19
a predetermined period of time elapses. Investors in a SPAC would receive
a return on their investment in the event that a target company is acquired
and such target company’s value increased. In the event that a SPAC is
unable to locate and acquire target companies by the deadline, the SPAC
would be forced to liquidate its assets, which may result in losses due to the
expenses and liabilities of the SPAC. Investors in a SPAC are subject to the
risk that, among other things, (i) such SPAC may not be able to locate or
acquire target companies by the deadline, (ii) assets in the trust may be
subject to third-party claims against such SPAC, which may reduce the per
share liquidation price received by the investors in the SPAC, (iii) such
SPAC may be exempt from the rules promulgated by the SEC to protect
investors in “blank check” companies, such as Rule 419 promulgated under
the Securities Act, so that investors in such SPAC may not be afforded the
benefits or protections of those rules, (iv) such SPAC may only be able to
complete one business combination, which may cause it to be solely
dependent on a single business, (v) the value of any target company may
decrease following its acquisition by such SPAC, (vi) the value of the funds
invested and held in the trust decline, (vii) the inability to redeem due to the
failure to hold the securities in the SPAC on the record date or the failure to
vote against the acquisition and (viii) if the SPAC is unable to consummate
a business combination, public stockholders will be forced to wait until the
deadline before liquidating distributions are made. In addition, most SPACs
are illiquid and have a concentrated shareholder base that tends to be
comprised of hedge funds (at least at inception). RPO may cause clients to
invest in a SPAC that, at the time of investment, has not selected or
approached any prospective target businesses with respect to a business
combination. In such circumstances, there may be limited basis for RPO to
evaluate the possible merits or risks of such SPAC’s investment in any
particular target business. To the extent that a SPAC completes a business
combination, it may be affected by numerous risks inherent in the business
operations of the acquired company or companies. For these and additional
reasons, investments in SPACs are speculative and involve a high degree of
risk.
Warrants
RPO on behalf of its Advisory Clients may buy or sell warrants through
listed exchanges and the OTC market. The buyer of a warrant has the right
to purchase a security, typically from the issuer, at a specified price. A
warrant provides exposure and a potential for gains upon equity appreciation
of the issuer’s share price. The value of a warrant has two components, time
value and intrinsic value. A warrant has a limited life and expires on a certain
date. As the expiration date of a warrant approaches, the time value of a
warrant will decline. In addition, if the stock underlying the warrant declines
in price, the intrinsic value of an “in the money” warrant will decline.
Further, if the price of the stock underlying the warrant does not exceed the
strike price of the warrant on the expiration date, the warrant will expire
worthless. As a result, there is a risk of total loss of an investment in
warrants.
20
It should be noted that RPO pursues an investment strategy that entails
significant risks, including the risk of loss of an Advisory Client’s entire
investment. There can be no assurance that the Advisory Clients will achieve
their investment objectives. However, attendant risks, such as those
enumerated above, do not comprise significant or unusual risks beyond that
of the equities and derivatives markets.
The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by the detailed information contained in the Fund’s
offering materials, governance documents and other constituent
agreements, including an enumeration of the material risks and other
important considerations relevant to an investment in the Fund.
21
ITEM 9 – DISCIPLINARY INFORMATION
If there are legal or disciplinary events that are material to a client’s or prospective client’s
evaluation of your advisory business or the integrity of your management, disclose all material
facts regarding those events.
Items 9.A, 9.B, and 9.C list specific legal and disciplinary events presumed to be material for this
Item. If your advisory firm or a management person has been involved in one of these events, you
must disclose it under this Item for ten years following the date of the event, unless (1) the event
was resolved in your or the management person’s favor, or was reversed, suspended or vacated,
or (2) you have rebutted the presumption of materiality to determine that the event is not material.
For purposes of calculating this ten-year period, the “date” of an event is the date that the final
order, judgment, or decree was entered, or the date that any rights of appeal from preliminary
orders, judgments or decrees lapsed.
Items 9.A, 9.B, and 9.C do not contain an exclusive list of material disciplinary events. If your
advisory firm or a management person has been involved in a legal or disciplinary event that is not
listed in Items 9.A, 9.B, or 9.C, but nonetheless is material to a client's or prospective client's
evaluation of your advisory business or the integrity of its management, you must disclose the
event. Similarly, even if more than ten years have passed since the date of the event, you must
disclose the event if it is so serious that it remains material to a client’s or prospective client’s
evaluation.
Item 9.A
A criminal or civil action in a domestic, foreign or military court of
competent jurisdiction in which your firm or a management person
1. was convicted of, or pled guilty or nolo contendere (“no
contest”) to (a) any felony; (b) a misdemeanor that involved
investments or an investment-related business, fraud, false
statements or omissions, wrongful taking of property, bribery,
perjury, forgery, counterfeiting, or extortion; or (c) a
conspiracy to commit any of these offenses;
2.
is the named subject of a pending criminal proceeding that
involves an investment-related business, fraud, false statements
or omissions, wrongful taking of property, bribery, perjury,
forgery, counterfeiting, extortion, or a conspiracy to commit
any of these offenses;
3. was found to have been involved in a violation of an
investment-related statute or regulation; or
4. was the subject of any order, judgment, or decree permanently
or temporarily enjoining, or otherwise limiting, your firm or a
management person from engaging in any investment-related
activity, or from violating any investment- related statute, rule,
or order
22
Not applicable.
Item 9.B
An administrative proceeding before the SEC, any other federal
regulatory agency, any state regulatory agency, or any foreign financial
regulatory authority in which your firm or a management person
1. was found to have caused an investment-related business to lose
its authorization to do business; or
2. was found to have been involved in a violation of an investment-
related statute or regulation and was the subject of an order
by the agency or authority
(a) denying, suspending, or revoking the authorization of
your firm or a management person to act in an
investment-related business;
(b)
barring or suspending your firm’s or a management
person's association with an investment-related business;
limiting your
firm’s or a
(c) otherwise significantly
management person's investment-related activities; or
(d)
imposing a civil money penalty of more than $2,500 on
your firm or a management person.
Not applicable.
Item 9.C
A self-regulatory organization (SRO) proceeding in which your firm
or a management person
1. was found to have caused an investment-related business to lose
its authorization to do business; or
limited
2. was found to have been involved in a violation of the SRO’s
rules and was: (i) barred or suspended from membership or
from association with other members, or was expelled from
membership;
from
(ii) otherwise significantly
investment-related activities; or (iii) fined more than $2,500.
Not applicable.
23
ITEM 10 – OTHER FINANCIAL INDUSTRY
ACTIVITIES AND AFFILIATIONS
Item 10.A
If you or any of your management persons are registered, or have an
application pending to register, as a broker-dealer or a registered
representative of a broker-dealer, disclose this fact.
Not applicable.
Item 10.B
If you or any of your management persons are registered, or have an
application pending to register, as a futures commission merchant,
commodity pool operator, a commodity trading advisor, or an
associated person of the foregoing entities, disclose this fact.
Not applicable.
Item 10.C
Describe any relationship or arrangement that is material to your
advisory business or to your clients that you or any of your management
persons have with any related person listed below. Identify the related
person and if the relationship or arrangement creates a material conflict
of interest with clients, describe the nature of the conflict and how you
address it.
1.
2.
3.
4.
broker-dealer, municipal securities dealer, or government
securities dealer or broker
investment company or other pooled investment vehicle
(including a mutual fund, closed-end investment company,
unit investment trust, private investment company or “hedge
fund,” and offshore fund)
other investment adviser or financial planner
futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator, or
commodity trading advisor
banking or thrift institution
accountant or accounting firm
lawyer or law firm
insurance company or agency
pension consultant
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. real estate broker or dealer
11. sponsor or syndicator of limited partnerships
For a variety of reasons, including legal and regulatory restrictions for
instance or differences in investment objectives, strategies or restrictions,
RPO may give advice or take action with respect to the investments of one
or more Advisory Clients that may not be given or taken with respect to other
Advisory Clients. Consequently, the prices and availability of securities or
instruments held by or considered for one or more of RPO’s Advisory
Clients may be adversely affected. In addition, Advisory Clients
24
with similar strategies may not hold the same securities or instruments or
experience the same performance.
While RPO devotes as much time to each Advisory Client as it deems
appropriate to perform its duties in accordance with the investment
management agreements to which it is a party, certain conflicts of interest
may arise in the fair and equitable allocation of time and resources among
Advisory Clients.
One potential arrangement is that RPO provides discretionary advisory
services to accounts owned wholly or in part by J. David Rogers, RPO’s
Managing Member, for a reduced management fee. RPO does not believe
that this arrangement presents a conflict of interest in the fair and equitable
allocation of time and resources among Advisory Clients as Mr. Rogers’
interests are aligned with those of RPO’s other Advisory Clients.
Additionally, the strategy employed within these accounts is different than
RPO’s other advisory clients’ accounts, which minimizes any conflict that
may arise.
RPO, its affiliates and employees are permitted to conduct outside business
activities. It should be noted that RPO employees are required to obtain the
prior pre-approval of the Chief Compliance Officer before engaging in a
business activity outside of their employment at RPO. RPO is of the view
that such outside activities should not create a material conflict of interest.
The Chief Compliance Officer regularly reviews and addresses the conflicts
associated with these arrangements. In addition, RPO’s Code of Ethics
(which is more fully described in Item 11.A. below) will provide direction
for the identification and management of any conflicts that may arise.
Item 10.D
If you recommend or select other investment advisers for your clients
and you receive compensation directly or indirectly from those advisers
that creates a material conflict of interest, or if you have other business
relationships with those advisers that create a material conflict of
interest, describe these practices and discuss the material conflicts of
interest these practices create and how you address them.
RPO does not recommend or select other investment advisers for its
Advisory Clients and, as such, does not receive compensation from such
sources and has no conflicts of interest related thereto. RPO is compensated
solely by its Advisory Clients as described above in Item 5 above.
25
ITEM 11 – CODE OF ETHICS, PARTICIPATION OR INTEREST IN CLIENT
TRANSACTIONS AND PERSONAL TRADING
Item 11.A
If you are an SEC-registered adviser, briefly describe your code of ethics
adopted pursuant to SEC rule 204A-1 or similar state rules. Explain that
you will provide a copy of your code of ethics to any client or prospective
client upon request.
RPO’s Code of Ethics (the “Code”) is designed to meet the requirements of
Rule 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”). The
Code will apply to RPO’s Access Persons (which term includes all
employees of RPO) and sets forth a standard of business conduct that
considers RPO’s status as a fiduciary and requires Access Persons to place
the interests of Advisory Clients above their own. Among other things, the
Code requires that all Access Persons: (i) comply with federal securities
laws, (ii) submit to RPO initial and periodic reports detailing their personal
securities holdings and transactions in reportable securities, and that RPO
review such reports, (iii) obtain pre- approval of certain types of personal
investments; and (iv) abide by policies and procedures, the intent of which
is to prevent the misuse of material, non-public information.
The Code sets forth certain reporting and pre-clearance requirements with
respect to personal trading by Access Persons. RPO’s Access Persons are
required to provide the Chief Compliance Officer with a list of their personal
accounts and an initial holdings report within 10 days of becoming an
Access Person. In addition, RPO’s Access Persons are required to provide
annual holdings reports and quarterly transaction reports in accordance with
Advisers Act Rule 204A-1. In consideration of the potential and actual
conflicts of interest that may arise in connection with the personal trading
activities of Access Persons and the advisory and investment activities
undertaken for the benefit of Advisory Clients, RPO also requires each
Access Person to obtain pre-clearance of certain securities transactions. All
such pre-clearance requests will only be approved after careful consideration
of the facts and circumstances and attendant conflicts of interest, if any.
Without exception, RPO forbids any Access Person from making
recommendations or trading in securities of a public company, either
personally or on behalf of Advisory Clients, on the basis of material non-
public information, or otherwise communicating material non-public
information to others in violation of law. RPO’s policies and procedures are
designed to detect and prevent the misuse of material, non-public
information or insider trading. Compliance with RPO’s Insider Trading
Policy is strictly mandated and annual certification of the policy is required
for each Access Person.
Adherence to RPO’s Code of Ethics and Insider Trading Policy is
26
considered a basic condition of employment for all RPO Access Persons. All
Access Persons are required to certify annually that they have received and
read the Code and, moreover, that they will comply with its requirements.
The compliance policies and procedures originating from RPO’s Code of
Ethics and Insider Trading Policy will be continuously under review and
modified contemporaneously with developments in applicable law and
regulation, and the growth and requirements of RPO’s business. Advisory
Clients, Investors and prospective Investors may obtain a copy of RPO’s
Code of Ethics by contacting the Chief Compliance Officer, Stephen E.
Rogers at srogers@rpoinvestments.com or 203-485-8821.
Item 11.B
If you or a related person recommends to clients, or buys or sells for
client accounts, securities in which you or a related person has a material
financial interest, describe your practice and discuss the conflicts of
interest it presents. Describe generally how you address conflicts that
arise.
As disclosed in Item 5.A. above, RPO is paid asset-based fees in respect of
the investment advisory and other management services it provides to the
Fund and, as such, has a material financial interest in the Fund’s securities
recommended to prospective Investors. Consequently, certain conflicts of
interest arise given RPO’s material financial interest in the sale of Fund
securities. For instance, advisory fees are payable without regard to the
overall success of the Fund, and therefore may create an incentive on the part
of RPO to raise or otherwise increase assets under management to a higher
level than would be the case if RPO were receiving no advisory fee.
Similarly, performance-based fees may create an incentive for RPO to make
investments that are riskier or more speculative than in the absence of such
compensation.
Investment in the Fund is open to certain RPO employees who meet the
accreditation requirements and other qualifications imposed by the Fund. In
connection with an investment in the Fund, RPO may waive application of
the advisory fee and performance fee. A potential conflict of interest may
arise as a result of employee investment in the Fund if such ownership
interests cause RPO employees to make different investment decisions than
if such investment opportunity were not permitted.
Note too that RPO and its affiliates may give investment advice and make
recommendations for the purchase or sale of securities and other financial
instruments or buy or sell such securities and other financial instruments, for
their own account or that of other Advisory Clients, which investment
advice, recommendations or buy or sell decisions may differ from
investment advice given to, or investments recommended or bought or sold
for, the Fund. Differences in the investment management of Advisory Client
accounts may be warranted in light of applicable legal and
27
regulatory restrictions, for instance, or differences in investment objectives,
strategies or restrictions among Advisory Clients.
As concerns principal trading, neither RPO nor its affiliates, while acting as
principal for its own account, will, directly or indirectly, knowingly sell any
security to, or purchase any security from, the Fund without first disclosing
to and seeking consent from the Fund’s Investors. As a general matter, RPO
and its affiliates do not engage in principal trades, nor do they contemplate
engaging in agency-cross transactions with any Advisory Client.
In order to address potential conflicts of interest that may arise in the normal
course of business, and in recognition of RPO’s fiduciary obligations to its
Advisory Clients, RPO has adopted a Code of Ethics that shapes RPO’s
business conduct and promotes high ethical standards. As provided in Item
11.A. herein, the Code contains provisions designed to: (i) prevent improper
personal trading by RPO’s Access Persons; (ii) prevent improper use of
material, non-public information; (iii) identify conflicts of interest; and (iv)
provide a means to resolve any actual or potential conflict in favor of
Advisory Clients.
RPO maintains a practice of disclosing potential and actual conflicts of
interest to Advisory Clients and prospective Investors. In particular, the
Fund’s offering materials, governing documents and other constituent
agreements address many of the potential and actual conflicts of interest and
other attendant risks inherent in an investment in the Fund.
Item 11.C
If you or a related person invests in the same securities (or related
securities, e.g., warrants, options or futures) that you or a related person
recommends to clients, describe your practice and discuss the conflicts
of interest this presents and generally how you address the conflicts that
arise in connection with personal trading.
RPO believes that high ethical standards are essential to maintain the
confidence of its Advisory Clients. The Code is designed to ensure, among
other things, that the securities transactions of RPO, its affiliates and its
Access Persons (and members of their families) do not conflict with
transactions effected on behalf of the Advisory Clients. Employees of RPO
are required to (i) place the interests of Advisory Clients first, (ii) avoid
taking inappropriate advantage of their positions within the firm, and
(iii) conduct their personal securities transactions in full compliance with the
Code. As required by Rule 204A-1, RPO requires its Access Persons to
report their securities transactions on a quarterly basis and to disclose their
securities holdings upon becoming an Access Person and on an annual basis
thereafter. RPO also requires that Access Persons direct their broker(s) to
send copies of such Access Person’s brokerage and security transactions
statements to RPO’s Chief Compliance Officer or his designee. All holdings
reports, transactions reports and brokerage statements will be routinely
reviewed by the Chief Compliance Officer or
28
his designee.
In addition, in view of the fact that certain potential and actual conflicts of
interests may arise in connection with the personal trading activities of
Access Persons and the advisory and investment activities undertaken for
the benefit of Advisory Clients, RPO requires each of its Access Persons to
obtain pre-clearance of certain securities transactions. All such pre-
clearance requests will only be approved by the Chief Compliance Officer,
or his designee, after careful consideration of the facts and circumstances
and attendant conflicts of interests, if any. RPO will take a conservative
approach in pre-clearing personal trades of Access Persons and deference
will be given to Advisory Clients so that no Advisory Client is disadvantaged
by the personal trading of any RPO Access Persons.
Item 11.D
If you or a related person recommends securities to clients, or buys or
sells securities for client accounts, at or about the same time that you or
a related person buys or sells the same securities for your own (or the
related person's own) account, describe your practice and discuss the
conflicts of interest it presents. Describe generally how you address
conflicts that arise.
Please refer to the responses to Items 11.A, 11.B, and 11.C.
29
ITEM 12 – BROKERAGE PRACTICES
Item 12.A.1
client
for
transactions and determining
Describe the factors that you consider in selecting or recommending
broker-dealers
the
reasonableness of their compensation (e.g., commissions).
1. Research and Other Soft Dollar Benefits. If you receive research
or other products or services other than execution from a
broker-dealer or a third party in connection with client
securities transactions (“soft dollar benefits”), disclose your
practices and discuss the conflicts of interest they create.
RPO recognizes its fiduciary duty to obtain “best execution” for its Advisory
Clients. This means that in selecting brokers or dealers to execute
transactions, RPO must always attempt to ensure that the total cost of or
proceeds from any transaction for an Advisory Client are the most favorable
In seeking to achieve best execution for its
under the circumstances.
Advisory Clients, RPO will consider the full range and quality of a broker’s
services, including, but not limited to, the price of a transaction, commission
rate, execution capabilities in respect of particular markets and asset types,
range of services provided (e.g., research, securities lending and financing
terms), and quality and timeliness of market information.
RPO conducts business with numerous executing brokers, both domestic and
international, on a daily basis. To ensure that the services provided by the
executing counterparties are the best available – in terms of expertise and
ability to perform execution services, access markets, navigate liquidity
constraints under varying market conditions, and provide quality and timely
market information – and to satisfy RPO’s fiduciary duty to obtain “best
execution” on Advisory Client transactions, RPO will conduct broker
reviews as part of its legal and regulatory compliance function. RPO will
endeavor to maintain awareness of the current level of charges of eligible
broker-dealers and banks in order to minimize the expense incurred in
effecting portfolio transactions for Advisory Clients. Opinions will be
solicited from members of the investment team, reflecting their fluid
assessment of eligible broker-dealers that results from the constant
interaction with these counterparties and, together with the aforementioned
considerations, this informs RPO’s broker-dealer selection.
RPO may not necessarily negotiate “execution only” commission rates and
may “pay up” for research and other services provided by the broker through
the commission rate. While commission rates are generally negotiable,
selecting brokers on the basis of considerations that are not limited to
applicable commission rates may result in higher transaction costs than
would be otherwise obtainable. Any soft dollar arrangements entered into
by RPO fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), which
30
permits the use of commission “soft dollars” to obtain “research and
execution” services. In selecting brokers and negotiating commission rates,
RPO will attempt to obtain the best net price and the most favorable
execution of its orders but may consider placing portfolio transactions with
those brokers and dealers who furnish research and other services to the
Advisory Clients or RPO, as the case may be, and as permitted by applicable
law.
RPO believes that research and brokerage services obtained through soft
dollar arrangements improve its investment research and execution process.
With respect to research services, soft dollar arrangements may be agreed to
only where such research services provide lawful and appropriate assistance
to RPO’s investment decision-making process. Further, as per Exchange Act
Section 28(e), RPO will exercise good faith in making determinations that
commission rates agreed to for brokerage services are reasonable in relation
to the value of the research services provided. Research and brokerage
services will not include overhead or administrative expenses, the correction
of trading errors, or consulting/marketing expenses.
While RPO may be incentivized to select the broker-dealers to these soft
dollar arrangements for research services in light of the soft dollar benefits
derived, RPO believes that the benefits and cost is such that it does not
present a material conflict of interest in the regular and dynamic best
execution analysis to be undertaken by RPO as described above. These soft
dollar arrangements will benefit all RPO Advisory Clients and are believed
to be reasonable in relation to the value of the research services provided.
The Chief Compliance Officer, or his designee, will periodically review all
soft dollar arrangements entered into for their efficacy, reasonableness and
compliance with the Exchange Act Section 28(e) safe harbor. The Chief
Compliance Officer will also ensure that all such brokerage activities are
properly disclosed to Advisory Clients.
Item 12.A.2
Brokerage for Client Referrals. If you consider, in selecting or
recommending broker-dealers, whether you or a related person receives
client referrals from a broker-dealer or third party, disclose this
practice and discuss the conflicts of interest it creates.
a.
Disclose that you may have an incentive to select or
recommend a broker-dealer based on your interest in
receiving client referrals, rather than on your clients’
interest in receiving most favorable execution.
b.
Explain the procedures you used during your last fiscal year
to direct client transactions to a particular broker- dealer in
return for client referrals.
31
At present, RPO does not receive client referrals from broker-dealers and,
therefore, does not consider referrals in selecting or recommending broker-
dealers to Advisory Clients.
Item 12.A.3
Directed Brokerage.
a.
If you routinely recommend, request or require that a client
direct you to execute transactions through a specified
broker-dealer, describe your practice or policy. Explain that
not all advisers require their clients to direct brokerage. If
you and the broker-dealer are affiliates or have another
economic relationship that creates a material conflict of
interest, describe the relationship and discuss the conflicts of
interest it presents. Explain that by directing brokerage you
may be unable to achieve most favorable execution of client
transactions, and that this practice may cost clients more
money.
b.
If you permit a client to direct brokerage, describe your
practice. If applicable, explain that you may be unable to
achieve most favorable execution of client transactions.
Explain that directing brokerage may cost clients more
money. For example, in a directed brokerage account, the
client may pay higher brokerage commissions because you
may not be able to aggregate orders to reduce transaction
costs, or the client may receive less favorable prices.
RPO does not invite Advisory Clients to direct the brokerage activity of
RPO. As such, the selection of executing broker-dealers is made by RPO in
its sole discretion.
Item 12.B
Discuss whether and under what conditions you aggregate the purchase
or sale of securities for various client accounts. If you do not aggregate
orders when you have the opportunity to do so, explain your practice
and describe the costs to clients of not aggregating.
J. David Rogers, CEO of RPO and lead portfolio manager, and a team of
investment professionals (together, the “Investment Team”) are responsible
for selecting investments on behalf of the firm’s Advisory Clients.
RPO may, when possible, aggregate sale and purchase orders of securities
for Advisory Client accounts, if, in RPO’s reasonable judgment, such
aggregation is likely to result in an overall economic benefit to the Advisory
Clients, taking into consideration the sale or purchase price, brokerage
commission and other expenses to be incurred as well as other factors
considered by RPO in its best execution analysis (see Item 12.A.). When any
aggregate sale or purchase orders occur, RPO (and any of its affiliates
involved in such transactions) will seek to allocate the transaction
32
among participating Advisory Clients in a manner believed by RPO to be
fair and equitable to each over time.
33
ITEM 13 – REVIEW OF ACCOUNTS
Item 13.A
Indicate whether you periodically review client accounts or financial
plans. If you do, describe the frequency and nature of the review, and
the titles of the supervised persons who conduct the review.
As a general matter, Advisory Client portfolios are under continuous review
by the Investment Team with regard to the investment objectives of the
account and, more particularly, the investment strategy and the suitability of
the investments used to meet strategy objectives. The portfolio is reviewed
and “stress tested” frequently to evaluate and assess, among other things,
investment performance, sensitivity to market changes and whether the
Advisory Clients continue to meet certain investment criteria established by
the Investment Team. In addition, Advisory Client portfolios are regularly
reviewed by the Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Operating Officer.
Trade allocation determinations will be reviewed with frequency by
members of the Investment Team, the Chief Financial Officer, the Chief
Compliance Officer and supporting staff. In circumstances where trade
allocations are made in a manner that is not pro rata based on the relative
asset size of participating Advisory Client accounts, the reasons justifying
the allocation determination will be reviewed, confirmed and documented.
Item 13.B
If you review client accounts on other than a periodic basis, describe the
factors that trigger a review
In addition to the regular, periodic review of Advisory Client accounts
described in Item 13.A. above, particular reviews may be warranted on an
impromptu basis. While there are no set factors that trigger a more
particularized review of accounts and no procedure that determines the
sequence in which accounts will be reviewed, the Investment Team will
generally review the accounts in the event of the maturity of a position, the
realization of certain events which drive a contemplated or actual trade or
the occurrence of certain other market movements that materially impact the
investments
in Advisory Client portfolios. Additionally, material
subscriptions or redemptions and the request of Advisory Clients or
Investors would justify a more particularized review of accounts.
Item 13.C
Describe the content and indicate the frequency of regular reports you
provide to clients regarding their accounts. State whether these reports
are written.
RPO provides regular reporting to Fund Investors, including an annual
Schedule K-1, monthly performance estimates and unaudited capital
account balance information that is specific to each Investor’s interest in the
Fund. In addition, audited financial reports a r e prepared in
accordance with U.S. G.A.A.P. and are furnished to Investors on an
34
annual basis. Each of these reports is provided in written form.
Reporting to Separate Accounts will be subject to terms that are
individually negotiated.
35
ITEM 14 – CLIENT REFERRALS AND OTHER COMPENSATION
Item 14.A
If someone who is not a client provides an economic benefit to you for
providing investment advice or other advisory services to your clients,
generally describe the arrangement, explain the conflicts of interest, and
describe how you address the conflicts of interest. For purposes of this
Item, economic benefits include any sales awards or other prizes.
Not applicable.
Item 14.B
If you or a related person directly or indirectly compensates any person
who is not your supervised person for client referrals, describe the
arrangement and the compensation.
Not applicable.
36
ITEM 15 – CUSTODY
If you have custody of client funds or securities and a qualified custodian sends quarterly, or
more frequent, account statements directly to your clients, explain that clients will receive
account statements from the broker-dealer, bank or other qualified custodian and that
clients should carefully review those statements. If your clients also receive account
statements from you, your explanation must include a statement urging clients to compare
the account statements they receive from the qualified custodian with those they receive from
you.
RPO maintains the assets of Advisory Clients in accounts with a “qualified custodian” pursuant to
Rule 206(4)-2. The qualified custodians presently utilized by RPO (as of the date of this ADV)
are:
Goldman Sachs & Co.
One New York Plaza
New York, NY 10004
Interactive Brokers LLC
Two Pickwick Plaza,
Greenwich, CT 06830
In accordance with Rule 206(4)-2 under the Adviser Act, RPO provides Investors with audited
financial statements for the Fund prepared by an independent accounting firm that is registered
with and subject to review by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, in accordance
with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, within 120 days of the end of each Fund’s
fiscal year (i.e., generally by April 30). Investors in the Fund should carefully review the audited
financial statements.
RPO is not currently deemed to have custody over any Separate Accounts.
37
ITEM 16 – INVESTMENT DISCRETION
If you accept discretionary authority to manage securities accounts on behalf of clients,
disclose this fact and describe any limitations clients may (or customarily do) place on this
authority. Describe the procedures you follow before you assume this authority (e.g.,
execution of a power of attorney).
Subject to the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund as set forth in its
governing documents, RPO has discretionary authority to determine the type, amount and price of
securities and investments to be bought and sold on behalf of the Fund, including the selection of,
and commissions paid to, broker-dealers.
Individual Investors do not have the ability to impose limitations on RPO’s discretionary authority.
Prospective investors are provided with a limited liability company agreement prior to their
investment and are encouraged to carefully review all other relevant offering documents, and to
be sure that the proposed investment is consistent with their investment goals and tolerance for
risk.
As concerns any Separate Accounts, particular investment management restrictions and
termination rights will be individually negotiated.
38
ITEM 17 – VOTING CLIENT SECURITIES
Item 17.A
If you have, or will accept, authority to vote client securities, briefly
describe your voting policies and procedures, including those adopted
pursuant to SEC rule 206(4)-6. Describe whether (and, if so, how) your
clients can direct your vote in a particular solicitation. Describe how you
address conflicts of interest between you and your clients with respect
to voting their securities. Describe how clients may obtain information
from you about how you voted their securities. Explain to clients that
they may obtain a copy of your proxy voting policies and procedures
upon request.
RPO has the authority to vote Advisory Client securities and with this
authority comes the responsibility to vote proxies in the best interest of such
Advisory Clients. RPO has adopted Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures
(the “Procedures”) that set forth RPO’s position on various routine proxy
proposals and provides guidelines on how to manage a potential material
conflict of interest should one arise.
The Procedures require that RPO identify and address conflicts of interest
between RPO, its related persons and its Advisory Clients. If a material
conflict of interest is identified, RPO will determine whether voting in
accordance with the guidelines set forth in the Procedures is in the best
interests of its Advisory Clients or whether taking other action may be more
appropriate. In particular, it should also be noted that RPO will have the
discretion to refrain from voting proxies when it is in the best interests of
Advisory Clients to do so.
RPO may abstain from voting a client proxy if it is concluded that the effect
on shareholders’ economic interests or the value of the portfolio holding is
indeterminable or insignificant. RPO may abstain from voting a client proxy
for cost reasons (e.g., costs associated with voting proxies of non-U.S.
securities). In accordance with fiduciary duties, RPO will weigh the costs
and benefits of voting proxy proposals and make an informed decision with
respect to whether voting a given proxy proposal is prudent. The decision
considers the effect that the vote of RPO’s Advisory Clients, either by itself
or together with other votes, is expected to have on the value of the Advisory
Client’s investment and whether this expected effect would outweigh the
cost of voting.
RPO will maintain a record of the Procedures, proxy statements received,
votes cast, votes abstained, all communications received and internal
documents created that were material to voting decisions, and each Advisory
Client or Investor’s request for proxy voting records and RPO’s response for
the previous five years.
If you have any questions about RPO’s proxy policy, its proxy record-
keeping procedures or if you would like any detailed information about how
proxies are actually voted, please contact Stephen E. Rogers at
39
srogers@rpoinvestments.com or 203-485-8821.
Item 17.B
If you do not have authority to vote client securities, disclose this fact.
Explain whether clients will receive their proxies or other solicitations
directly from their custodian or a transfer agent or from you, and
discuss whether (and, if so, how) clients can contact you with questions
about a particular solicitation.
Not applicable.
40
ITEM 18 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 18.A
If you require or solicit prepayment of more than $1,200 in fees per
client, six months or more in advance, include a balance sheet for your
most recent fiscal year.
1. The balance sheet must be prepared in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles, audited by an
independent public accountant, and accompanied by a note
stating the principles used to prepare it, the basis of securities
included, and any other explanations required for clarity.
2.
Show parenthetically the market or fair value of securities
included at cost.
3. Qualifications of the independent public accountant and any
accompanying independent public accountant’s report must
conform to Article 2 of SEC Regulation S-X.
Not applicable.
Item 18.B
If you have discretionary authority or custody of client funds or securities,
or you require or solicit prepayment of more than $1,200 in fees per
client, six months or more in advance, disclose any financial condition
that is reasonably likely to impair your ability to meet contractual
commitments to clients.
RPO is not currently aware of any financial condition that is reasonably
likely to impair its ability to meet contractual commitments to its Advisory
Clients.
Item 18.C
If you have been the subject of a bankruptcy petition at any time during
the past ten years, disclose this fact, the date the petition was first
brought, and the current status.
Not applicable.
41